糖炒栗子人

基於個人未來求學需求,將來會嘗試將加州大學柏克萊分校的線上生物課程聽完

https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL-XXv-cvA_iDuZ4BUn54ujg2kZttNk27L

並且會在這裡每次記下我的聽講筆記,歡迎有興趣的人一起來討論,並請不吝指教我的錯誤

1.Defining Life

Compartmentalization->隔離(e.g. Separates one type of cells from another)

Hierarchical complexity->階級複雜度

Senstivity->感知外界的能力+(做出反應的能力)

Reproduction->複製個體的能力

Energy utilization->能量的使用(e.g. metabolism, eating...)

Homeostasis->體內平衡

It's a little subtle.

Homeostasis is how the organism changes itself with respect to the environment. 

And senstivity is like changing its place in the environment.

So homeostasis is the internal self regulation of the organism.

Adaptation->適應能力(e.g. evolution + immunity)

2.Evolution

The nature of the last universal common ancestor(LUCA) and the origin of life represent biology's greatest unsolved mysteries.

3.Molecule(以下定義來自維基百科)

A molecule is an electrically neutral(電中性) group of two or more atoms held together by chemical bonds.

Molecules are distinguished from ions by their lack of electrical charge.

However, in quantum physics(量子物理), organic chemistry(有機化學), and biochemistry(生物化學), the term molecule is often used less strictly, also being applied to polyatomic ions(多原子離子).

A molecule may be homonuclear, that is, it consists of atoms of a single chemical element, as with oxygen (O2); or it may be heteronuclear, a chemical compound composed of more than one element, as with water (H2O).

4.Compound(以下定義來自維基百科)

A chemical compound is an entity(實質) consisting of two or more different atoms which associate via chemical bonds.

There are four types of compounds, depending on how the constituent atoms(構成的原子) are held together: molecules held together by covalent bonds, salts held together by ionic bonds, intermetallic compounds held together by metallic bonds, and certain complexes held together by coordinate covalent bonds(配位共價鍵).

5.Four porperties of water contribute to Earth's fitness for life

Cohesive behavior->共聚性,黏著性

Ability to moderate temperature->溫度調節能力

Expansion upon freezing->結冰時膨脹的特性

Versatility as a solvent->可當酸/鹼性物質的溶劑,雖然有些無法溶解(e.g. lipid)

6.Cohesion and adhesion

Cohesion-> It's a property that would let the molecules stay together.

e.g.1 Hydrogen bonds hold water together, a phenomenon called cohesion.

e.g.2 Cohesion helps the transport of water against gravity in plants

Adhesion-> It's an attraction between different substrances.

e.g.. There exists adhesion between water and plant cell wall.